Hemorragia digestiva baja: factores de riesgo de gravedad, necesidad de cirugía de urgencia y mortalidad hospitalaria / Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: risk factors of severity, need for emergency surgery and in-hospital Mortality

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Últimamente creció el interés en poder determinar, en etapas tempranas de las hemorragias digestivas bajas (HDB), aquellos factores de riesgo relacionados con la posibilidad de presentar resultados evolutivos adversos. Objectivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a sangrados graves, cirugía de urgencia y mortalidad hospitalaria. Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio observacional y retrospectivo sobre 1.850 pacientes, atendidos en forma consecutiva entre enero de 1999 y diciembre de 2018 por HDB. Para evaluar el riesgo de gravedad analizamos trece variables en las primeras cuatro horas desde la admisión. Para determinar los factores relacionados con la cirugía de urgencia, agregamos la enfermedad diverticular y, para evaluar mortalidad, la cirugía de urgencia y el puntaje (score) preoperatorio de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología (ASA). Resultados: De los 1.850 casos, 194 fueron graves y 1656 leves/moderados. Resultaron estadísticamente significativos como factores de mayor gravedad: > 70 años, FC > 120 lat/min., TA < 90 mm Hg, oliguria, hematoquecia masiva, hematocrito < 30%, hemoglobina < 7 g/% y necesidad transfusional. Resultaron predictores significativos de cirugía de urgencia: > 70 años, anti-coagulación, hipotensión arterial, taquicardia, hemoglobina < 7 g/%, oliguria, transfusiones y hematoquecia masiva. Se construyó una fórmula pronóstica de requerimiento de cirugía (sensibilidad 94%, especificidad 74%, valor predictivo positivo 91% y valor predictivo negativo 81%). AUC: 0,89%. Fueron significativos para mortalidad: > 70 años, anticoagulados, hematoquecia masiva, transfusiones y cirugía urgente. De los dieciséis pacientes operados y fallecidos de la serie, quince presentaban un ASA ≥ IV. Conclusiones: Las variables utilizadas resultaron simples, fiables y estadísticamente significativas para predecir gravedad, cirugía de urgencia y mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Background: Background: There has been a growing interest in determining those risk factors associated with adverse outcomes in early stages of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). Objective: The aim of our study was to analyze the risk factors associated with severe bleeding, emergency surgery and in-hospital mortality. Material and methods: We conducted an observational and retrospective study on 1850 patients consecutive managed between January 1999 and December 2018 for LGIB. We analyzed thirteen variables within the first four hours of hospitalization to evaluate risk severity. Diverticular disease was considered to determine factors associated with emergency surgery, and the preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score was used to assess mortality and emergency surgery. Results: Out of 1850 cases, 194 were severe and 1656 were mild/moderate, Patients > 70 years, with HR > 120 beats/min, BP < 90 mm Hg, oliguria, massive hematochezia, hematocrit < 30%, hemoglobin < 7 g% and need for transfusions presented statistically significant associations with severe bleeding. Age > 70 years, anticoagulation, hypotension, tachycardia, hemoglobin < 7 g%, oliguria, need for transfusion and massive hematochezia were significant predictors of emergency surgery. A prognostic formula was constructed to predict the need for surgery (sensitivity 94%, specificity 74%, positive predictive value 91% and negative predictive value 81%). AUC-ROC: 0,89%. Age > 70 years, anticoagulation, massive hematochezia transfusions and emergency surgery were identified as predictors of mortality. Fifteen of the sixteen patients who underwent surgery and died had ASA ≥ grade 4. Conclusions: The variables analyzed are simple, reliable and statistically significant to estimate the risk of severe bleeding, need for emergency surgery and mortality.

Analysis of clinical and colonoscopy feature in children with lower gastrointestinal bleeding in a single center / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and non-infective etiological characteristics of children with lower gastrointestinal bleeding(LGIB), and to explore the application value of electronic colonoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of LGIB.Methods:A total of 311 cases of children with LGIB admitted to our hospital from June 2016 to June 2020 were analyzed retrospectively, and the relevant clinical data were summarized.Results:The ratio of boys to girls was 1.46∶1.The average age was(4.67±3.99)years old.Preschool children account for 67.85%.A total of 97.75% of the children had bloody stool with naked eyes, mainly with simple bloody stool.The main accompanying symptoms were abdominal pain(31.19%)and diarrhea(24.11%). The positive rate of occult blood test was 55.26%, and the positive rate of colonoscopy was 86.49%.The common causes of LGIB in children were intestinal polyps, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergic colitis, allergic purpura and Meckel′s diverticulum.There were statistical differences in the number of cases of some etiology at different age stages, including colon polyps( P<0.001), colitis( P=0.020), ulcerative colitis( P<0.001), allergic colitis( P<0.001), Henoch-Schonlein purpura( P=0.031)and Behcet′s disease( P=0.033). Allergic colitis was more common in 1~6 months old, and the incidence rate gradually decreased with age.Inflammatory bowel disease was the primary cause of children aged 11~16 years.All children′s bleeding symptoms disappeared after treatment and the occult blood test was negative.The cure rate was 41.80% (130 cases) and the improvement rate was 58.20% (181 cases). Conclusion:The etiology of LGIB in children is complex, and the etiology is related to the age of onset.Intestinal polyps and colitis are the main causes of the disease, which are common in all ages.Colonoscopy is safe and efficient, playing an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of children with LGIB.

Jejunal Diverticula Causing a Life-Threatening Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case Report

A jejunal diverticulum is a rare and usually asymptomatic disease. More commonly it is usually seen as incidental findings on radiological studies or during surgery. Complications such as bleeding, perforation, abscess formation, obstruction, malabsorption, blind loop syndrome, volvulus, and intussusception may warrant surgical intervention. Herein, we report a case of a 62-year old woman presenting with massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding, she was pale, clammy and hemodynamically unstable, she was initially resuscitated with IV fluids and whole blood, urgent upper endoscopy was normal, colonoscopy revealed sigmoid colon ulcerative lesion with histopathological evidence of adenocarcinoma, there was bleeding coming from upwards. After staging of the tumor, the decision was then made to proceed to exploratory laparotomy with a pre-operative plan of segmental colectomy. Intra-operatively segmental sigmoid colectomy was performed with end to end anastomosis, during formal laparotomy we found 2 giant diverticula in the proximal jejunum, small bowel resection and end to end anastomosis was done with the good postoperative outcome. The aim of this study was to draw attention to jejunal diverticula and their serious complications such as bleeding.

Clinical Value of Controllable Bowel Preparation in Patients With Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding / 胃肠病学

Colonoscopy is an important means to determine the cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). Bowel preparation before colonoscopy is essential, but may induce or aggravate bleeding. Safe and effective bowel preparation procedure for patients with LGIB is a clinical problem to be explored. Aims: To investigate the value of controllable bowel preparation in patients with LGIB. Methods: Seventy-six patients with LGIB were enrolled from Jan. 2017 to Jul. 2018 at Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, and were randomly divided into controllable bowel preparation group and control group. Patients in controllable bowel preparation group were given 20 mL of Lactulose Oral Solution at 12:00, 14:00, 16:00, and 20:00 on the day before colonoscopy, and 68.56 g of Polyethylene Glycol Electrolytes Powder was taken orally (dissolved in 2 L of water, taken within 2 hours) at 4:00-5:00 on the day of colonoscopy (for the oral intake of lactulose at 16:00 and 20:00, the time of lactulose intake could be prolonged or shortened depending on the condition of defecation). In control group, conventional bowel preparation procedure was carried out at 4:00-5:00 on the day of colonoscopy (137.12 g of Polyethylene Glycol Electrolytes Powder dissolved in 2 L of water, taken orally within 2 hours). The intestinal cleanliness, colonoscopic detection rate, patient's tolerance and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: The Boston score and colonoscopic detection rate of controllable bowel preparation group were not significantly different from those of the control group (P>0.05). LGIB patients in controllable bowel preparation group suffered less abdominal distension, nausea, rebleeding and exacerbated bleeding than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Controllable bowel preparation is safe and effective for patients with LGIB. It is well tolerated and does not increase the risk of bleeding. The intestinal cleanliness and detection rate are comparable to those of the conventional bowel preparation.

Diagnostic Value of Computed Tomography in Crohn's Disease Patients Presenting with Acute Severe Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic yield of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in Crohn's disease (CD) patients presenting with acute severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB), and the role of CT in predicting the risk of rebleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 110 CD patients presenting with acute severe LGIB between 2005 and 2016 were analyzed. Among them, 86 patients who had undergone contrast-enhanced CT constituted the study cohort. The diagnostic yield of CT for detecting contrast extravasation was obtained for the entire cohort and compared between different CT techniques. In a subgroup of 62 patients who had undergone CT enterography (CTE) and showed a negative result for extravasation on CTE, the association between various clinical and CTE parameters and the risk of rebleeding during subsequent follow-up was investigated using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The diagnostic yield of CT was 10.5% (9 of 86 patients). The yield did not significantly differ between single-phase and multiphase examinations (p > 0.999), or between non-enterographic CT and CTE (p = 0.388). Extensive CD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–9.80; p = 0.034) and bowel wall-to-artery enhancement ratio (adjusted HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.21–6.54; p = 0.016) were significantly independently associated with increased rebleeding risks, whereas anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy after the bleeding independently decreased the risk of rebleeding (adjusted HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.07–0.95; p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic yield of contrast-enhanced CT was not high in CD patients presenting with acute severe LGIB. Nevertheless, even a negative CTE may be beneficial as it can help predict the risk of later rebleeding.

Usefulness of early colonoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of moderate or severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding / Utilidade da colonoscopia precoce no diagnóstico e tratamento do sangramento gastrointestinal baixo moderado ou grave

ABSTRACT A total of 38,686 colonoscopies were performed between January 1985 and December 2012 at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, in São Paulo, Brazil. Two hundred thirty-four patients (0.6%) had acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding of moderate or severe intensity. A definitive diagnosis was possible in 151 cases, 64.5% of these patients.This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Medical charts were reviewed.All examinations were done under sedation by the same medical team.The predominant sources of bleeding were colonic diverticula (73 patients; 31%), ischemic or infectious colitis (18 patients; 7.7%) and radiation proctitis (18 patients; 7.7%).A specific therapeutic intervention was performed on 61 of the 151 patients who had the diagnosis confirmed (40.4%), according to the source of bleeding. Most patients with postpolypectomy bleeding were treated with injection of epinephrine (40%) and clipping (40%). Patients with angiodysplasia were treated predominantly with argon plasma coagulation (42%).Injection of epinephrine was the most frequent treatment, regardless of the source of bleeding (34.4%), followed by argon plasma coagulation (31.1%).Control of active hemorrhage was achieved endoscopically in 98.8% of the patients.Our data shows that early colonoscopy in the management of patients with suspected acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding is a useful tool for diagnosis and treatment.

RESUMO No total, 38.686 colonoscopias foram realizadas entre janeiro de 1985 e dezembro de 2012 no Hospital Sírio-Libanês, em São Paulo, Brasil. 234 pacientes (0,6%) sofriam de sangramento gastrointestinal baixo agudo (SGIBA) de intensidade moderada ou grave. Em 151 casos (64,5% desses pacientes) foi possível estabelecer um diagnóstico definitivo.O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Revisão Institucional. Os prontuários clínicos foram revisados.Todos os exames foram realizados com o paciente sedado e pela mesma equipe clínica.As origens predominantes de sangramento foram divertículos colônicos (73 pacientes; 31%), colite isquêmica ou infecciosa (18 pacientes; 7,7%) e proctite por radiação (18 pacientes; 7,7%).Uma intervenção terapêutica específica foi realizada em 61 dos 151 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado (40,4%), de acordo com a origem do sangramento. Em sua maioria, os pacientes com sangramento pós-polipectomia foram tratados com injeção de adrenalina (40%) e por clipping (40%). Os pacientes com angiodisplasia foram tratados predominantemente com coagulação com plasma de argônio (42%).O tratamento mais frequentemente administrado foi a injeção de adrenalina, independentemente da origem do sangramento (34,4%), seguida pela coagulação com plasma de argônio (31,1%).O controle da hemorragia ativa foi obtido por via endoscópica em 98,8% dos pacientes. Nossos dados revelam que o uso precoce da colonoscopia no tratamento de pacientes com suspeita de SGIBA é instrumento útil para o diagnóstico e tratamento.

Colonoscopy in the diagnosis of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding / A colonoscopia no diagnóstico da hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as a bleeding originated from a source distal to the Treitz ligament and the colonoscopy is well established as the diagnostic procedure of choice. Objective: To evaluate the results of colonoscopies performed to diagnose the cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in a general hospital at Mato Grosso do Sul. Material and methods: Colonoscopy procedures performed in the Endoscopy service of the Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul in those patients admitted due to an acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding from January 2014 to December 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The studied variables were age, gender, diagnosis and localization of the lesion. Results: The mean age was 66 years, and there was a little predominance of the male gender. Diverticular disease was the main cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in this study, followed by cancer, inflammatory gastrointestinal disease, polyps, and angiodysplasia. Conclusion: The colonoscopy showed to be an effective diagnostic method in the case of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and a good therapeutic tool in the case of diverticular disease and angiodysplasia.

Hemorragia digestiva baixa é definida como sangramento originado de uma fonte distal ao ligamento de Treitz e a colonoscopia esta bem estabelecida como o seu procedimento diagnóstico de escolha. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados das colonoscopias realizadas para elucidação diagnóstica dos casos de Hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda em um Hospital Geral de Mato Grosso do Sul. Materiais e métodos: Foram analisadas, de forma retrospectiva, as colonoscopias realizadas nos pacientes internados devido à hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda, no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015, no serviço de endoscopia digestiva do Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul. As variáveis estudadas foram a idade, sexo, diagnóstico e localização da lesão. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 66 anos, com uma discreta predominância do sexo masculino. A doença diverticular foi a principal causa de hemorragia digestiva baixa nesse estudo, seguido de neoplasias, doença inflamatória intestinal, pólipos e angiodisplasia. Conclusão: A colonoscopia mostrou-se como método efetivo no diagnóstico dos casos de Hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda e como uma boa ferramenta terapêutica também nos casos de angiodisplasia.

Hemorragia digestiva baja / Lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Lower GI bleeding originates distal to the angle of Treitz. Bleeding could be trivial or even massive and risky. It represents one third of the total of GI bleeding cases. It is more frequent in men and older patients. Its mortality is considered among 3-6 percent. It has worse prognosis if it begins during hospital stay. It is less severe than upper GI bleeding and stops spontaneously in 80 percent of cases. There is less consensus regarding its treatment than in case of upper GI bleeding. Nine percent is originated in the small bowel and 6 percent has an undetermined origin. It could be active, recent, or chronic. Acute: with less than 3 days of persistence, causing hemodynamic instability, anemia and/or need for blood transfusion. Chronic: any rectal slow or intermittent bleeding. The need for a transfusion or the occurrence of hemodynamic instability are rare. I tis necessary to identify the bleeding site, for therapy. It recurs in about 25 percent of cases. Colonoscopy is the most relevant study, allowing for diagnosis and localized therapy. Endoscopic hemostatic interventions are available with several options. “Haemospray” has merged as a modern promising new device. Noninvasive imaging studies are becoming more and more relevant and available, as well as interventional radiology for therapeutic purposes; a modern approach to this pathology. It helps to obtain information about bleeding activity, its anatomic origin, and also focuses the study, in order to perform endo-vascular therapy or suggests the localized endoscopy approach. This review represents our approach to the management of lower GI bleeding.

La hemorragia digestiva baja (HDB) se origina distal al ángulo de Treitz. Se puede presentar desde un sangrado trivial, hasta una hemorragia masiva con riesgo vital. La HDB representa un tercio de los casos de hemorragia gastrointestinal. Más frecuente en hombres y pacientes añosos. Tiene una mortalidad entre 3-6 por ciento. De peor pronóstico si se presentare durante la hospitalización. Menos grave que la alta cesa espontáneamente en 80 por ciento de los casos. Existe menos consenso terapéutico que en la hemorragia digestiva alta. El 9 por ciento se origina en el intestino delgado. En 6 por ciento de los casos no se puede determinar su origen. Puede presentarse como activa, reciente o crónica. Aguda: con menos de 3 días de evolución, que cause inestabilidad hemodinámica, anemia y/o necesidad de transfusión. Crónica: cualquier hemorragia a través del recto, con pérdida de sangre lenta o intermitente. La necesidad de transfusión o inestabilidad hemodinámica son raras. Es necesario identificar el sitio de sangrado para su terapia, ya que recurre en 25 por ciento de los casos. La colonoscopia es el estudio más relevante, que permite diagnóstico y terapia localizada. Existen intervenciones endoscópicas que permiten la hemostasia con varias opciones, a las que se agrega recientemente el Hemospray. Destaca el progresivo y relevante rol del estudio de imágenes no-invasivo en el enfrentamiento diagnóstico de la HDB, como gran avance en el enfrentamiento moderno de esta patología. Evidencia la actividad del sangrado, el origen anatómico, focaliza el estudio, y permite realizar terapia endo-vascular o focalizar la terapia endoscópica. El presente artículo, señala nuestra forma de enfrentar la HDB.

Heterotopia gástrica como causa de sangrado del tubo digestivo bajo / Gastric heterotopia as a cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Se comunica un caso de heterotopia gástrica en rectosigmoides con sangrado rectal como manifestación clínica, por lo que se efectuó la revisión bibliográfica del tema. Caso: Varón de 21 años de edad con rectorragia de una semana de evolución. Durante el estudio del caso se tomaron biopsias de lesiones ulceradas en mucosa rectal, que fueron enviadas para su estudio histopatológico. Resultados: En la muestra recibida se observaron fragmentos entremezclados de mucosa de colon y mucosa gástrica de tipo oxíntico (fúndica) cuyos adenómeros se hallaban en estrecha relación con las criptas de Lieberkühn. Conclusión: La heterotopia gástrica es un hallazgo infrecuente, más aún cuando se observa en segmentos muy apartados en el colon distal. Suele acarrear un curso indolente y benigno, sin embargo, en ocasiones conlleva ciertas malformaciones asociadas o complicaciones derivadas de la misma actividad secretora fisiológica del tejido ectópico. Raramente puede experimentar malignización.

We report a case of gastric heterotopia in the rectum and sigmoid colon clinically presented as rectal bleeding; a review of the literature on the topic is also presented. Case: Twenty-one-year-old male who had experienced rectal bleeding for one week. biopsies from ulcerated lesions in the rectum were taken and sent forward for histopathological assessment. Results: In the sample received, fragments of colon mucosa and oxyntic (fundus) gastric mucosa, which adenomeres were closely related to the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Conclusion: Gastric heterotopia is an unusual finding, even less common when it is located in distant segments of the distal colon. Although usually being a condition with an indolent and benign evolution, it may also produce certain malformations o complications, consequence of the same secretory activity of the ectopic tissue. It rarely becomes a malignant disease.

The Efficacy and Long-Term Outcome of Microcoil Embolotherapy for Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy as well as long-term clinical outcomes of superselective microcoil embolization for lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1997 and 2009, 26 patients with intended transcatheter embolotherapy for LGIB were retrospectively reviewed. Embolization was performed only when the catheter could be advanced to or distal to the mesenteric border of the bowel. The main purpose of our study was to assess technical success, recurrent bleeding rate and complications. We also evaluated the long-term clinical outcome, including late recurrent LGIB, bowel ischemia and the survival rate. RESULTS: Twenty-two bleeding sources were in the territory of superior mesenteric artery and four in the inferior mesenteric artery. Technical success was achieved in 22 patients (84.6%). The target vessel of embolization was vasa recta in seventeen patients and marginal artery in the remaining five patients. Early rebleeding occurred in two patients (7.7%) and bowel ischemia in two patients, of whom the embolized points were both at the marginal artery. Delayed recurrent bleeding (> 30 days) occurred in two angiodysplasia patients. Five patients (19.2%) died within the first 30 days of intervention. Long-term follow-up depicted estimated survival rates of 58.2 and 43.1% after one, and five years, respectively. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter embolotherapy to treat LGIB is effective with low rebleeding and ischemic complications. Considering the advanced age and complex medical problems of these patients, the minimal invasive embolotherapy may be used as both a primary and potentially definitive treatment of LGIB.

Colonoscopy in Central Jamaica: results and implications / La colonoscopía en Jamaica Central: resultados e implicaciones

The aim of this report was to determine the outcome of all patients subjected to colonoscopy at an outpatient medical facility in central Jamaica. A copy of the colonoscopy report of each consecutive patient during the period March 2007 to April 2011 was entered into a database and analysed. One thousand two hundred and fifty patients were identified with a mean age of 60 years and 56.5% were female. The most common indication for colonoscopy was bleeding (28%) but constipation (15%) and screening (11%) were also important. Caecal intubation was achieved in 96% of the group. While 30% of the group had normal findings, 32% had diverticulosis and 23% had haemorrhoids; importantly 10% had carcinomas and 11 % had adenomas. Adenomas were detected in 13% of the screened patients. The most important predictor ofan abnormal colonoscopy was a history ofbleeding. The perforation rate was 0.24% with no perforations occurring in the latter 650 cases.

El objetivo de este reporte fue determinar la evolución clínica de todos los pacientes sometidos a colonoscopía en una clínica de consulta externa en Jamaica central. Una copia del reporte de la colonoscopía de cada paciente consecutivo durante el periodo de marzo de 2007 a abril de 2011 fue introducida en la base de datos, y luego analizada. Se identificaron un total de mil doscientos cincuenta pacientes con edad promedio de 60 años, de los cuales 56.5% eran hembras. La indicación más común para la colonoscopía fue el sangramiento (28%) pero el estreñimiento (15%) y el tamizaje (11%) fueron también importantes. La intubación cecal se logró en el 96% del grupo. Mientras que el 30% del grupo tuvo resultados normales, el 32% presentó diverticulosis y el 23% tenia hemorroides. Aún más importante: 10% tenían carcinomas y 11% tenían adenomas. Se detectaron adenomas en 13% de los pacientes tamizados. El predictor más importante de una colonoscopía anormal fue una historia de sangramiento. La tasa de perforación fue 0.24% sin que se presentaran perforaciones en los últimos 650 casos.

Melanoma amelanótico en ciego / Cecal amelanotic melanoma

Paciente varón de 73 años que acude a emergencia con anemia severa (Hb 4.9 g/dL), refiriendo un mes con deposiciones oscuras, astenia y pérdida significativa de peso. La evaluación endoscópica alta no encontró lesiones potencialmente sangrantes. Posteriormente se constató la presencia de heces sanguinolentas rojizas tipo enterorragia y se realizó una colonoscopía, en la cual se encontraron dos lesiones elevadas en el ciego: una pedunculada (con sangrado activo rezumante) y otra sésil, ambas fueron extirpadas; el estudio de anatomía patológica demostró que correspondían a melanoma amelanótico de ciego. El examen físico no reveló lesiones neoplásicas dérmicas. El sangrado digestivo recurrente obligó a realizar una nueva colonoscopia que demostró una nueva lesión sangrante de ciego. Fue intervenido quirúrgicamente con una cecostomía y extirpación de la lesión cecal. La tomografía demostró metástasis en mediastino y en la cirugía se encontraron implantes metastásicos en hígado e intestino delgado. El paciente continuó tratamiento en oncología médica. Nosotros reportamos el presente caso, por ser la hemorragia digestiva una forma inusual de presentación clínica del melanoma maligno metastásico.

A 73 year old male patient who presented to emergency with severe anemia (Hb 4.9 g / dL), referring to a month with dark stools, fatigue and significant weight loss. The high endoscopic evaluation found no potentially bleeding lesions. Subsequently, we confirmed the presence of red blood in stools, like enterorrhagia and underwent a colonoscopy, in which two elevated lesions were found in the cecum: a pedunculated (with active bleeding, oozing) and other sessile; both were removed. the pathology showed that corresponded to amelanotic melanoma in cecal region. Physical examination revealed no malignant skin lesions. Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding forced to make another colonoscopy that showed new bleeding lesion of the cecum. He was operated with a cecostomy and cecal excision of the lesion.. The tomography scan showed metastases in mediastinum and surgical implants were found in liver metastases and small intestine. The patient continued treatment in medical oncology. We report this case, because gastrointestinal bleeding is an unusual clinical presentation of malignant melanoma.

Acute hemorrhagic rectal ulcer in a patient with lung cancer

<b>Purpose</b>: Acute hemorrhagic rectal ulcer (AHRU) commonly occurs in elderly who are bedridden for long time due to severe underlying diseases such as cerebral and myocardial infarction and their complications. However, it is uncommon in end-stage cancer patients receiving palliative care. We report a rare AHRU case in his forties who had lung cancer with paraplegia due to tumor invasion. <b>Case</b>: A male lung cancer patientwas admitted to our hospital for new-onset paraplegia caused by spinal cord invasion. On 25th day after admission, he suffered from a little rectal bleeding. From that day, a painless rectal bleeding becomes gradually increased. On 37th day, a massive bleeding was occurred. Endoscopy showed that there was no active bleeding but an exposed vessel and partial circumferential ulcer in the lower part of rectum, which was compatible with the finding of AHRU. The lesion was successfully treated by clipping and no re-bleeding was observed after clipping. He was discharge on 103rd day. <b>Conclusion</b>: AHRU should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a massive melena in end-stage cancer patients. Prompt diagnosis and therapy is important because this disease is curable even in the terminal stage to improve their quality of life. Palliat Care Res 2011; 6(1): 308-312

Angiographically Negative Acute Arterial Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Incidence, Predictive Factors, and Clinical Outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, predictive factors, and clinical outcomes of angiographically negative acute arterial upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS:From 2001 to 2008, 143 consecutive patients who underwent an angiography for acute arterial upper or lower GI bleeding were examined. RESULTS: The angiographies revealed a negative bleeding focus in 75 of 143 (52%) patients. The incidence of an angiographically negative outcome was significantly higher in patients with a stable hemodynamic status (p < 0.001), or in patients with lower GI bleeding (p = 0.032). A follow-up of the 75 patients (range: 0-72 months, mean: 8 +/- 14 months) revealed that 60 of the 75 (80%) patients with a negative bleeding focus underwent conservative management only, and acute bleeding was controlled without rebleeding. Three of the 75 (4%) patients underwent exploratory surgery due to prolonged bleeding; however, no bleeding focus was detected. Rebleeding occurred in 12 of 75 (16%) patients. Of these, six patients experienced massive rebleeding and died of disseminated intravascular coagulation within four to nine hours after the rebleeding episode. Four of the 16 patients underwent a repeat angiography and the two remaining patients underwent a surgical intervention to control the bleeding. CONCLUSION: Angiographically negative results are relatively common in patients with acute GI bleeding, especially in patients with a stable hemodynamic status or lower GI bleeding. Most patients with a negative bleeding focus have experienced spontaneous resolution of their condition.

A Case of Dieulafoy-like Lesion with Massive Bleeding at Ileocecal Valve Following Acute Infectious Colitis in a Pediatric Patient / 대한소화기내시경학회지

The common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children are intussusception, rectal juvenile polyp, chronic inflammatory colitis and Meckel's diverticulum. Bleeding from Dieulafoy's ulcer at the lower gastrointestinal tract is rare, but this often occurs in the rectum. So far, there has been no report that a Dieulafoy lesion in the ileocecal valve might be formed after acute colitis in a pediatric patient. In this case report, a Dieulafoy-like lesion at the ileocecal valve caused lower gastrointestinal bleeding in an asymptomatic 14-year-old woman. A careful history taking and medical examination are mandatory to identify the bleeding focus in the GI tract and this can be treated by endoscopy.

A Case of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding from a Benign Appendiceal Ulcer / 대한소화기내시경학회지

A hemorrhoid is the most common cause of acute lower gastrointestinal (LGI) bleeding. Diverticulosis, angiodysplasia and ischemic colitis can also cause LGI bleeding. Acute LGI bleeding from the appendix is very rare. We experienced a case of a 33-year-old woman with acute LGI bleeding from the appendix. Colonoscopy demonstrated an active hemorrhage from the orifice of the appendix. The patient was treated with a appendectomy, and a histological examination showed the presence of a small ulcer with inflamed granulation tissue in the mucosa and submucosa.

Role of Multi-detector Row Computed Tomography for Localization of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent studies have shown good performance for the detection of sources of gastrointestinal bleeding using multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT). However, there are limited reports about the role of MDCT for localization of acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of MDCT for detection and localization of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: A total of 49 patients underwent MDCT examination for the evaluation of acute lower GI bleeding were investigated prospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of MDCT for the detection of acute lower GI bleeding were assessed. Colonoscopy, angiography, RBC scan or postoperative results were adopted as the reference standard. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of MDCT for the detection of acute lower GI bleeding were 72.7%, 80%, 93.9% and 25%, respectively. Eighteen patients experienced massive bleeding and 5 of them could not undergo the colonoscopic examination due to massive bleeding. MDCT detected the bleeding focuses in all of 5 patients. CONCLUSIONS: MDCT is useful for the localization of acute lower GI bleeding. The procedure is brief, less invasive, and relatively accurate diagnostic method. Moreover, positive finding will allow directed therapeutic procedure such as angiography.

Clinical Overview of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common disorder that requires hospitalization. Colonoscopy is considered as the procedure of choice for diagnosing acute LGIB. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics, endoscopic diagnosis and clinical course of acute LGIB. METHODS: From January 2000 to August 2007, 117 patients with hematochezia, who visited Yeungnam University hospital emergency center and underwent colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, were reviewed retrospectively. The male to female ratio was 2.25 (81:36). The mean age was 59.1+/-16.9 years. RESULTS: The mean time from presentation to endoscopy was 12.6 hours. The cause of bleeding was identified in 88.9% of the cases after endoscopy. The causes of the acute LGIB were colitis: 26 cases, post polypectomy bleeding: 17 cases, colon ulcer: 16 cases, diverticular bleeding: 13 cases, colon cancer: 9 cases, angiodysplasia: 7 cases and hemorrhoid: 6 cases. Thirty six patients were treated by the endoscopic method; the mean duration of admission was 10.6+/-10.0 days and the mean amount of transfusion was 3.0+/-1.9 U. Those numbers showed statistically significant differences according to the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The most common cause of acute LGIB was colitis and the causes of bleeding were a significant factor that affects the severity of bleeding and the duration of admission.

A Case of Adult Duplication Cyst Presenting with Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Congenital cystic duplications of the alimentary tract are rare, but can occur anywhere along the GI tract. Ileal duplication cysts account for the majority of diagnosed cases. Symptoms generally develop during infancy or childhood, with diverse presentations. Common manifestations include abdominal pain, an abdominal mass, vomiting, occasional intussusception, perforation, bleeding, and obstructive symptoms. In this report, we present the case of a 20-year-old man with an ileal duplication cyst with obscure lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient underwent cyst excision with a primary end to end anastomosis. The patient was discharged on the postoperative 7th day without any complications.

A Case Of Low Grade B Cell Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Of Jejunum Presenting Recurrent Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding And Perforation / 대한내과학회지

The accurate diagnosis and localization of gastrointestinal bleeding may use many tests and procedures including serial hematocrits, angiography, scintigraphy, endoscopy, nasogastric aspiration, barium studies and surgery before success is achieved. However, lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is difficult to localize despite above diagnostic procedures. We had experienced a case of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of jejunum. In this case, a 61-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with recurrent lower GI bleeding. The cause of recurrent lower GI bleeding was not defined by extensive evaluation including gastrofiberoscopy, colonoscopy, mesenteric angiography, small bowel series. We diagnosed this case as low grade B cell MALT lymphoma after exploratory laparatomy due to bowel perforation.